Focus

One of the necessary conditions for achieving a flow state (when you are so engrossed in an activity that you lose a sense of time, and the challenges you face seem to be perfectly matched by your skill level at any given moment) is the ability to focus on the task at hand. This is easier said than done, and both the ability of the individual and the nature of the activity play significant roles. Apparently, people who are good at concentrating their attention are able to restrict the input of external information that they are processing. In other words, they can filter out everything that is not relevant to the activity. This enables them to enjoy what they are doing instead of constantly questioning whether they should be doing something else.

As I was reading about this in Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s book “Flow” (my favourite recent read), I thought that artists (or authors in any creative field) use the same principle to create a more focused, and therefore more enjoyable, experience for the audience. For example, in photography, we use shallow depth of field to isolate the subject from the background. This way, we do the pre-filtering of the visual input for the viewers, so they have a better visual experience.

Another photography technique that uses the same idea and that I find particularly useful is covering candid environmental portraits to black-and-white. I did it most recently when shooting dance classes at a local studio. In that particular case, while the subjects themselves are photogenic, the background of the dance studio, littered with clothes, shoes and bags of various bright colours, is definitely not. Removing the colour information from the image guides the viewer’s attention to the subject by literally reducing the input bandwidth. I also often use this technique in street photography, where the colours of the background scene are not only impossible to control but also irrelevant to the subject.

Micro-progress

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Before starting the treadmill for my lunch-break run, I put on my stylish black-and-red wireless headphones. If I forget to to charge them the day before or put them in the wrong bag it throws a major wrench into my workout. I listen to podcasts during my runs. This means that I am not completely focused on improving my running performance. If I were to follow the deliberate practice concepts, I would not want to be distracted by the soundtrack, but concentrate on my technique all the time – being aware of my stride length, pace and ground contact point relative to my center of gravity. Instead, I am half-way there – I follow a training program generated by the Runkeeper app, which keeps challenging me in terms of the distance and pace, but I do listen to non-running related stuff to distract me from the pain of the workout.

On my last run, I listened to an interview with Frank Shamrock, who made some insightful comments about warrior mindset. Although he talked in the context from which the term actually evolved – martial arts, many of the associated tactics became well-known in other fields, like business, sports and healthcare. A significant part of the warrior mindset is striving for self-improvement on a daily basis.

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The ubiquitous concept of kaizen is usually taken to mean “continuous improvement”. Also, in business context it is often understood to involve all aspects of a company’s operation and all of its personnel. Although the Japanese word “kaizen” itself does not include any notions of continuity or all-inclusiveness (it literally means “improvement”), the continuity of practice and improvement is key in martial arts. This is at least part of the reason why there is a default disdain towards “hobbyist kendo” and the view of many high-level Japanese sensei that foreign kendoka have no appreciation for daily practice.

The improvements don’t have to be large. In fact they can be microscopic in the grand scheme of things, and they don’t have to happen in all areas of performance at once, but there needs to be some improvement every day.

Personally, I distinguish between progress in quantity and quality of work. This applies to any field, not just kendo in my case. For example, when I work on post-processing images from a large photoshoot, simply reducing the number of photos in the pipeline is not sufficiently satisfactory for me as a measure of progress. I try to develop new processing techniques and make mental notes about composition and camera settings for future shoots. This way, working on the particular shoot has the benefit of leaving me with improved skills, even in the worst case scenario, say, if the images themselves would never be looked at by the clients ever again.

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Over-processing

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Image post-processing is most effective if it is either so subtle that a viewer does not notice it or, on the contrary, so dominant that there can be no mistake that it has been done deliberately. 

Having post-processing as the main ingredient of the image is challenging because it can compete for the viewer’so attention with other elements (composition, subject, etc), so that the effect of each of them will be reduced. 

On the other hand, subtle processing does not necessarily mean a small amount of it. In fact, as the digital technology continues to develop, I believe that the overall workflow will become more back-loaded, where creative decisions about composition, lighting, and perhaps even focus, will be done at the post-processing stage.

Having said this, it has been widely speculated that still photography would soon be replaced by grabbing frames from high-resolution video, but this proposition over-simplifies the relation between stills and video. The latter is typically shot at relatively low shutter speed to produce blur in the individual frames, which makes the motion look natural.

In any case, even if a photo is taken with heavy post-processing in mind, it is important to be aware of the general desired effect and where it can be achieved more effectively and/or efficiently during shooting.

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Graduation party

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The theme of this year’s graduation party of our university was “Under the stars.” In the spirit of involving people in photography, we did some compositing right in front of the students, showing them the post-processing steps and asking for feedback along the way. We were using their portraits, which were taken just minutes earlier and super-imposing them on starry backgrounds. Instead of using a conventional photo booth approach that involves props, a backdrop with some (cheesy) images on it, and minimal post-processing, we wanted to try a more artistic process, which would limit the students’ choices in terms of poses, but would produce higher quality (arguably, still cheesy) images.

From my perspective, the new process was more rewarding than the conventional one, not in the financial sense, but in terms of improving the quality of the interaction with the students. The students were generally more appreciative of our work and seemed to enjoy seeing the inner works of the photo manipulation process.

In terms of the workflow of the entire photo shoot, selection of the portraits from the sets of five or six still presented the main bottleneck, even though this year we had two computers operating at the same time (compared to one last year) and had a substantially smaller number of photos taken of each group of students. This is not surprising, as culling of raw images is the major time-consuming stage of any photography project, whether the clients are involved in it or not.

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Motion in dance photography

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Motion and emotion are two elements that can make a photo stand out. Dancing, by definition, involves both of these elements, so it makes an attractive subject for photography.

What makes motion attractive is that it represents something impermanent. Even though the instant is frozen in a static image, the lack of static balance in the dancer’s body implies that this moment is fleeting and therefore precious. Thus, the viewer subconsciously realizes that this photo is an opportunity to observe something that ceased to exist and cannot be recovered. This imbalance, the hint of the impairment nature of the subject is what resonates with the viewer’s emotions. As Allan Watts puts it in his “Wisdom of Insecurity“, “In sculpture, architecture, and painting the finished form stands still, but even so the eye finds pleasure in the form only when it contains a certain lack of symmetry, when, frozen in stone as it may be, it looks as if it were in the midst of motion.”

Incidentally, I generally find “frozen” motion images more appealing and interesting than those with (intentionally) blurred motion. As an engineer, I can speculate that this might be because motion blur implies averaging over time, which is a steady-state component of the motion. The emotional connection with the impermanence of the movement is thus lost in the blurred image.

Recently, I have been working on post-processing of photos that I took during a performance of a local dance school. There was no particular agenda for the photo shoot, i.e. I did not have to capture portraits of all dancers or even cover the entire performance. In that sense, it was the best possible scenario, where I was free to choose what and how to shoot and how many images to deliver.

I found that some types of dances were more photogenic than others. For example, I had far more interesting images of hip-hop than of tap. I think this has to do with the amount of large, exaggerated motion that happens during a articular dance. While hip-hop dancers are almost acrobatic in their movements, the tap performers rarely appear to be out-of-balance at any given instant.

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Dance performance: searching for a new style

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Taking advance of the fact that there is neither a set deliverable (minimum set of images) nor a firm deadline for the recently completed photo shoot of a dance performance, I have been experimenting with new post-processing techniques. Narrowing down the initial set of more than 2000 raw images to just a handful, I was able to spend some time playing with some brush stroke effects in Photoshop. I find that allowing sufficient time to experiment with (i.e. try and discard) new techniques is the key to being able to break from my usual workflow and ultimately, to find a new look of the final images.

The inspiration for doing these experiments came partially from listening to an interview with Chase Jarvis, who talked about the importance of striving to be different, not just better, at photography as an art. This doesn’t mean to be different just for the sake of it or pursuing attention for the sake of attention. Instead, Jarvis talked about exploring the limits of combining the elements of other artists’ work (he referred to the work of Andy Warhol as an example).

Dance performance is a perfect subject for this kind of exercise, because photographing it is literally taking pictures of art, which is, literally, creating art out of art.

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Quality control for stock photos

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As I look through my old travel photos, I post-process some of them to prepare for use as stock photos. When I first started shooting stock photos, my approach was to prepare large batches of images and send them to an agency (I used Alamy). I quickly found that I would often become overwhelmed by the amount of cleaning the photos required in order to pass the agency’s quality control.

In the case of Alamy, this was usually related to digitally removing traces of dust particles, which are always present on the lens and the sensor of the camera. Modern cameras have improved dust control technologies, but some amount of particles is always present. These blemishes usually show up in uniformly lit and coloured areas of the photo, e.g. the sky. Higher f-numbers (smaller apertures) make the dust particles more pronounced.

Removing the dust in post processing is not difficult per se. I usually use a variation of the clone stamp tool in Lightroom or Photoshop. However, cleaning up many images at once is a sure way to kill all fun aspects of photography, and least for me personally.


Many professional photographers recommend outsourcing tasks like digital dust removing. I am sure that this is a solution that Tim Ferriss, the author of “The 4-hour Workweek” would recommend. In my case, the solution has been to drastically reduce the volume of the photos that I submit to the stock agencies. Doing so not only saves time overall, but encourages a more critical evaluation of the photos, as I select the ones that would be processed and submitted. The obvious drawback of this strategy from the purely business perspective is that some of the potential sales would not happen, because of the reduced volume of photos offered to potential customers. However, for someone like me, who does photography part-time and has already established a stock portfolio of reasonable size (few thousand images on sale), focussing on quality over quantity pays off in time savings alone.

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Using phone camera

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 border=I wrote earlier about my favourite camera apps for iPhone. Currently, I am experimenting with my new iPhone 6 plus, which has a much improved camera, compared to an iPhone 5. To me, the main appeal of the phone camera is that I always have it with me. Of course, despite all the impressive improvements, a phone came is not a DSLR. In order to avoid disappointment, it is important to understand what it can and cannot do. There are many resources for learning this, both online and in print. The book on the right is a good example.

For example, the iPhone camera is excellent for macro shots. It also works amazingly well for shooting well-lit scenes, like the shot in an indoor butterfly garden above. However, the low light performance is quite poor. In other words, the images taken in low light have a lot of noise.

In some cases, noise is quite acceptable. This is true for sports images, for example, although a phone camera would a very poor choice for sports, because of the short focal length of the lens.

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I took a couple of photos with my iPhone during an early morning hike up Mt. Doug, when it was still dark. It was very foggy and dark, so I new the images would be very noisy. Instead of fighting the noise, I tried to use it to create an artistic effect. After returning home, I brought the photos from my iCloud into Lightroom. The photo of the gnarly tree above had almost no colour in it to begin with, so I slightly increased the contrast and converted it to black-and-white using Nick’s Silver FX plug-in. I used the “Fine Art process” preset, which increases local contrast and brings out small details. I wanted to preserve the noise pattern, because I thought it looked like the surface of a watercolour paper.

The photo of the signal light in the fog (below) reminded me of the Impressionists‘ paintings, so I wanted to play with it’s colours to create an image in that style. In Lightroom, I bumped up noise reduction sliders (both luminance and colour) to very high values, around 50. Of course, this results in significant loss os sharpness and detail, but just like the Impressionists, I was not concerned with these kinds of things. I also increased the saturation of the Blue, Red and Purple colour channels almost to the maximum.

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Photo sizes for the web

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I use different settings for Facebook, 500px, Flickr and my website when I export photos from Lightroom.

Facebook resizes photos, unless they are already of one of the pre-defines sizes:

Regular photos 720 px, 960 px, 2048 px
Cover photos 851 px by 315 px

I usually export photos for Facebook  and my own website at 1000 pixels along the long side and use standard screen sharpening. I don’t worry about resizing. Here is a sports photo page that Armando and I use to send updates on our photo shoots, and the photos there are saved with these settings: APshutter.com.

For Flickr and 500px, I upload full resolution photos, which serves as an additional backup. I find that both sites do good job in terms of resizing and displaying the photos.

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How much processing is enough

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When doing artistic image processing, knowing when to stop is important. In a non-digital world, for example, when painting, continuing to paint beyond a certain point could actually ruin the picture. The colours would become dirty and lose vibrance. With a digital image, there is always a possibility to undo the last action, so as long as the versions are saved regularly, there is no danger of losing all the work. However, there is certainly a point of diminishing returns, when doing a lot of work results in progressively less and less noticeable changes in the image.

I find that some image adjustments are almost always worth doing. They are cropping, colour balance and exposure adjustments. Playing with them does take some time, but the results are significant and there is a good chance of drastically improving an image by playing with these tools.

On the other hand, more detailed work, such as local dodging and burning, using a Liquify tool in Photoshop, skin smoothing in portraits, etc. is not always necessary. Of course, the more work you put in the image, the better it ultimately becomes, but the return on the time investment decreases. There is one counter-argument to this, though, which is quite significant to me. When I spend time working on an image, I am not only investing time in improving it, but also in learning new skills and techniques. In the long run, this makes me more efficient overall. I learn which methods work or don’t work for certain types of images. I also learn to apply various methods faster.

Generally, whether an image is over-processed or not is a very subjective question. I believe that in order to make a photo unique, I have to touch most of its pixels with a brush (I use a Wacom graphics tablet) at some point in the editing process. Having said this, time is a very precious resource, and while I am doing fine tweaks, which might not be noticed by anyone, except myself, I am not doing something else, for example, shooting more photos or learning new techniques. In my experience, the “optimal” stopping point in post-processing is actually not a true optimum, in the optimization theory sense of the word. Rather, it is a bit of a moving target. Finding the balance between under- and over-processed image is like riding a bicycle: sometimes, I lean more one way, sometimes – the other. The important thing is doing it consistently and avoiding extremes.

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