Photography projects can be broadly categorized into front- and back-loaded ones in terms of production process. The former involve elaborate setup and production prior and during the photo shoot, while the latter rely on more extensive post-processing. I believe that the back-loaded workflow has many advantages, particularly when working with amateur models.
If the photo shoot itself feel simple and not stressful, the models are more likely to act naturally in front of the camera. If possible, the majority of the taken photos could be candid portraits, perhaps with natural lighting. If such candid photo sessions are done using state-of the-art equipment (cameras and lenses), and if the photographer has solid technical skills and a sense of lighting and composition, the resulting image quality would still be quite high, particularly considering the expensive post-processing phase that would follow.
Creative post-processing is what separates professional photos from amateurish snapshots in the case of a back-loaded production. Extensive photo manipulation would go beyond cropping, exposure and colour adjustments and noise control that are typically applied globally to the entire image (or even a group of images in the case of high-volume shoots of sporting events, for example). When I do serious image manipulation, I usually end up touching every pixel with a brush tool in Photoshop at some point in the process. Incidentally, I find that using a graphics tablet for this kind of work is imperative. Working with a mouse or a trackpad would be so inconvenient that it would spoil the entire fun of making the images.
I think that a combination of a low-key photo shoot and high-end, creative processing often results in the photos that pleasantly surprise the models, particularly non-professionals. A good example of when this workflow works well is concert or performance photography. I find that the performers like seeing striking, attractive images of themselves, especially because they were not focussed on looking good at the time of the shoot, but were in their element – dancing, singing, etc. Perhaps, realizing this, conveys a message that people don’t have to try too hard to look “good” (substitute “cool”, “tough”, “sexy”, “strong” as appropriate), but that they are already seen that way from the outside.